Sensory Processing Disorder and Occupational Therapy

Obstacle course

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a condition that affects how the brain receives, interprets, and responds to sensory input from the environment. People with SPD may find everyday experiences overwhelming or underwhelming, which can affect their behavior, participation in daily activities, and quality of life. Occupational therapists play a critical role in identifying and supporting individuals with sensory processing challenges across the lifespan.

What Is Sensory Processing Disorder?

Sensory Processing Disorder occurs when the nervous system has difficulty processing sensory information such as touch, sound, movement, sight, taste, or smell. While it’s commonly identified in children, adults can also experience SPD, especially if it wasn’t diagnosed or treated during childhood.

There are generally three types of SPD:

1. Sensory Modulation Disorder – difficulty responding appropriately to sensory input (over-responsive, under-responsive, or sensory-seeking behaviors).

2. Sensory-Based Motor Disorder – problems with balance, motor coordination, or posture due to poor sensory integration.

3. Sensory Discrimination Disorder – trouble distinguishing between different types of sensory input.

SPD is not a formal diagnosis in the DSM-5, but it is recognized in the field of occupational therapy and among healthcare professionals for its significant impact on daily life.

Signs and Symptoms of SPD

In Children:

• Avoids messy play, loud noises, or bright lights

• Has meltdowns or becomes anxious in crowded or noisy environments

• Seeks out intense movement, like spinning or crashing into objects

• Difficulty with fine motor skills like using scissors or holding a pencil

• Poor attention and difficulty following instructions

In Adults:

• Overwhelmed by everyday sensations like clothing tags or background noise

• Difficulty concentrating in stimulating environments

• Feelings of irritability or fatigue after social or sensory-rich experiences

• Poor coordination or balance

The Role of Occupational Therapy in SPD

Occupational therapists (OTs) are specially trained to assess and treat sensory processing difficulties. Their goal is to improve an individual’s ability to function in daily life by enhancing sensory regulation and integration.

1. Comprehensive Sensory Assessment

OTs begin by gathering a detailed history from the client or caregiver, observing the individual’s response to sensory input, and using standardized tools like the Sensory Profile or Sensory Processing Measure. These assessments help identify specific sensory challenges and strengths.

2. Sensory Diets

A sensory diet is a personalized plan that includes activities to provide the right amount of sensory input throughout the day. For example, a child who seeks movement might benefit from jumping on a trampoline or doing heavy work activities before school. A sensory diet helps regulate arousal levels and improve focus and participation.

3. Sensory Integration Therapy

This evidence-based approach uses play-based activities in a controlled environment to help individuals process and respond to sensory stimuli more effectively. The OT may use swings, textured objects, balance equipment, and obstacle courses tailored to the client’s needs. Over time, the nervous system becomes better at integrating sensory input.

4. Environmental Modifications

OTs can suggest changes to the home, school, or work environment to reduce sensory overload or support sensory input needs. Examples include noise-cancelling headphones, fidget tools, visual schedules, or adjusting lighting.

5. Parent and Caregiver Education

For children with SPD, educating parents and teachers is crucial. OTs provide strategies to manage sensory behaviors, create predictable routines, and offer positive reinforcement to build skills and confidence.

6. School and Community Integration

Occupational therapists often work with schools to support children with sensory challenges in the classroom. They may help implement movement breaks, alternative seating (like wobble cushions), or visual supports to improve attention and reduce stress.

Case Study Example

George, a 6-year-old boy, was referred to occupational therapy because he was having daily meltdowns at school. He refused to wear certain clothes, covered his ears during assembly, and struggled to sit still in class. After a sensory assessment, his OT designed a sensory diet with deep pressure activities in the morning, movement breaks at school, and a fidget toolkit for class. Over three months, Liam’s anxiety and meltdowns significantly decreased, and his teacher reported better attention and participation.

Long-Term Benefits of OT for SPD

With ongoing support, individuals with SPD can learn to regulate their sensory responses and become more confident and independent. Occupational therapy empowers clients with tools and strategies to navigate sensory-rich environments, build resilience, and fully participate in their daily routines.

When to Seek Help

If your child or someone you know shows signs of sensory challenges that interfere with everyday life, it’s important to consult an occupational therapist. Early intervention can lead to better outcomes and reduce the impact of sensory difficulties on learning, behavior, and relationships.

Final Thoughts

Sensory Processing Disorder can be confusing and often misunderstood, but occupational therapy provides a clear, structured path to support. Through individualized assessment, intervention, and education, OTs help clients improve their sensory regulation and thrive at home, school, and in the community.